They refer to the two surfaces of the foot; the dorsum (superior surface) and the plantar surface (the sole). Terms include: Different terms are used because of different body plans in animals, whether animals stand on one or two legs, and whether an animal is symmetrical or not, as discussed above. [46][47] For example, the terms "distal" and "proximal" are also redefined to mean the distance away or close to the dental arch, and "medial" and "lateral" are used to refer to the closeness to the midline of the dental arch. Date last modified: October 4, 2019. To be able to direct others to specific anatomical structures, or to find structures based on someone else’s directions, it is useful to have specific pairs of terms that allow you to orient your search with respect to the location of another, known structures. [44], Some elongated protists have distinctive ends of the body. The location of anatomical structures can also be described in relation to different anatomical landmarks. Anteversion and retroversion are complementary terms describing an anatomical structure that is rotated forwards (towards the front of the body) or backwards (towards the back of the body), relative to some other position. Plantarflexion refers extension at the ankle, so that the foot points inferiorly. Wound care and dressing changes are within the scope of practice for PTA, however, treatment is complex. The palmar fascia is palmar to the tendons of muscles which flex the fingers, and the dorsal venous arch is so named because it is on the dorsal side of the foot. [2] Thus, what is on "top" of a human is the head, whereas the "top" of a dog may be its back, and the "top" of a flounder could refer to either its left or its right side. Have questions or comments? In fingers and toes, the midline used is not the midline of the body, but of the hand and foot respectively. Protraction describes the anterolateral movement of the scapula on the thoracic wall that allows the shoulder to move anteriorly. Extension of the knee straightens the lower limb. Figure 1-5. Medial and Lateral Rotation. For example, volar pads are those on the underside of hands, fingers, feet, and toes. When lying flat on the front, the body is prone. prevented or minimized with braces, splint, weight bearing (e.g., standing) and habit modification (footwear), generally initiated with prolonged positioning with pillows under knees, if patients are using a gatched bed (mattress bows at pelvis with HOB and feet elevated), risk for hip flexion contracture increases, certain neurological conditions will cause the hip and knee to pull into flexion when at rest, External rotation is the "open" position of the hip joint. CC licensed content, Specific attribution, Human Anatomy and Physiology Lab (BSB 141), https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomical_Directions.png, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomical_Directions_2.png, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Thigh_cross_section.svg, http://cnx.org/contents/FPtK1zmh@6.27:qOq5t3Jz@3/Muscles-of-the-Pectoral-Girdle, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatomy_of_the_Human_Ear_en.svg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_head_anatomical_planes_letter_annotations.jpg. Lateral to the extensor digiti minimi muscle, Superficial to the Extensor pollicis brevis muscle, Superior to the lateral end of the cochlear nerve. This information is intended for medical education, and does not create any doctor-patient relationship, and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. The two hour guideline for checking in with patients/residents and assisting with a change in position for pressure sore prevention is based on the amount of time it takes tissue to progress from Stage 1 to Stage 2 pressure sore. Directional terms provide precise descriptions of a structure’s location. Body planes (a plane is a flat, two-dimensional surface) are imaginary surfaces that run through the body and divide it into different sections. A procedure to assess the amount of weight bearing across the pelvis is called pressure mapping. Pressure sores are noted and documented based on STAGES of tissue responses to pressure and shearing. Make the changes yourself here! [3] Example axes are: Examples of axes in specific animals are shown below. All Rights Reserved. [30] Thus the upper arm in humans is proximal and the hand is distal. Unless otherwise noted, LibreTexts content is licensed by CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Firstly, with a straight leg, rotate it to point the toes inward. [1][37] For example, in skin, the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis. [48], Several anatomical terms are particular to the hands and feet.[2]. This position provides a standard definition of what is at the front ("anterior"), behind ("posterior") and so on. Created with SoftChalk LessonBuilder, Preparing for Success - Textbook and Lecture as Sources. It is: 3. [1][2] Much of this information has been standardised in internationally agreed vocabularies for humans (Terminologia Anatomica)[2] and animals (Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria). Terms used generally derive from Latin or Greek roots and used to describe something in its standard anatomical position. [33] That might be an organ, a region in the body, or an anatomical structure. To access the TeachMeAnatomy 3D Model, you must be a premium subscriber. Positional terms give precise descriptions of anatomical relationships and allow for consistency when referencing anatomical positions. They allow a description of anatomical position by comparing location relative to other structures or within the rest of the body. Some patients with swallowing restrictions or dysfunction, cardiac condition, lung condition can not safely lie flat. These patients have higher cervical flexion contracture risk, increased spasticity of muscles from neurological disease or injury or general disuse, generally accompanies finger and thumb flexion contractures. Legal. Use the information in this article to help you with the answers. Revisions: 28. These terms are not used to form the fixed axes. Because the sacrum and coccyx are fused, they are not often used to provide the location. The sternum is ____________ to the heart. Again, keeping the elbow and shoulder still, flip your hand onto its front, palm down. Anatomical lines are used to describe anatomical location. Extension at the elbow is increasing the angle between the ulna and the humerus. An organism that is symmetrical on both sides has three main axes that intersect at right angles. It is sometimes referred to as internal rotation. [7] To do this, distinct ends of an organism are chosen, and the axis is named according to those directions. [4] Combined terms were once generally, hyphenated, but the modern tendency is to omit the hyphen. For example, structures at the level of the fourth cervical vertebra may be abbreviated as "C4", at the level of the fourth thoracic vertebra "T4", and at the level of the third lumbar vertebra "L3". [2], The dorsal (from Latin dorsum 'back') surface of an organism refers to the back, or upper side, of an organism. The opposite end then becomes the posterior end. Used with respect to the midline of the trunk of a body in anatomical position. [2], Deep (from Old English) describes something further away from the surface of the organism. For improved clarity, the directional term palmar (from Latin palma 'palm of the hand') is usually used to describe the front of the hand, and dorsal is the back of the hand. They are used in anatomy, surface anatomy, surgery, and radiology.[45]. This helps avoid confusion in terminology when referring to the same organism in different postures. The structure to find will be one of those at the end of an unlabeled line. Now rotate the arm, bringing your hand towards your opposite hip (elbow still at 90 degrees). Fill in the blank with the appropriate directional term to complete the following sentences. As you review the images and descriptions of the common contractures below, note the contracture is named based on the direction of the motion restriction. In invertebrates, the large variety of body shapes presents a difficult problem when attempting to apply standard directional terms. The projection is the orthogonal view of the AP elbow allowing for examination of the ulna-trochlear joint, coronoid process, and the olecranon process. This is medial rotation of the hip. Reduction of pressure and prevention of future breakdowns are a PT/PTAs top priority. Thus the elbow is distal to a wound on the upper arm, but proximal to a wound on the lower arm. The axes of the body are lines drawn about which an organism is roughly symmetrical. Structures closer to the radius are radial, structures closer to the ulna are ulnar, and structures relating to both bones are referred to as radioulnar. Rotation (medial/lateral or external/internal): Movement occuring in a transverse (horizontal) plane across a vertical axis. A ________________or ________________ plane divides the body into right and left parts. [5], Anatomical terms describe structures with relation to four main anatomical planes:[2]. This may include the muscles, tendons or bones. These cookies do not store any personal information. With your hand resting on a table in front of you, and keeping your shoulder and elbow still, turn your hand onto its back, palm up. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Some such borrowed terms are widely applicable in most invertebrates; for example proximal, meaning "near" refers to the part of an appendage nearest to where it joins the body, and distal, meaning "standing away from" is used for the part furthest from the point of attachment. The LibreTexts libraries are Powered by MindTouch® and are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. Several terms are commonly seen and used as prefixes: Other terms are used as suffixes, added to the end of words: Superior (from Latin super 'above') describes what is above something[20] and inferior (from Latin inferus 'below') describes what is below it. Muscles contract to produce movement at joints, and the subsequent movements can be precisely described using this terminology. Anatomical position describes a person standing upright, with the arms at the sides and the palms facing forward (as demonstrated in the image below). These terms also apply to the whole body – when lying flat on the back, the body is supine. For example, as humans are approximately bilaterally symmetrical organisms, anatomical descriptions usually use the same terms as those for vertebrates.
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