The aromatic products of the reaction are then separated from the reaction mixture (or reformate) by extraction with any one of a number of solvents, including diethylene glycol or sulfolane, and benzene is then separated from the other aromatics by distillation. 32(10), 2269–2276 (1993). Chlorination is achieved with chlorine to give chlorobenzene in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst such as aluminium tri-chloride. Examples of simple benzene derivatives are phenol, toluene, and aniline, abbreviated PhOH, PhMe, and PhNH2, respectively. These aberrations can be monitored using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with DNA probes to assess the effects of benzene along with the hematological tests as markers of hematotoxicity. Eng. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00449-1, Jo, M.-S., Rene, E.R., Kim, S.-H., Park, H.-S.: An analysis of synergistic and antagonistic behavior during BTEX removal in batch system using response surface methodology. [71], OSHA regulates levels of benzene in the workplace. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude oil and is one of the elementary petrochemicals. Bioresour. He said that he had discovered the ring shape of the benzene molecule after having a reverie or day-dream of a snake seizing its own tail (this is a common symbol in many ancient cultures known as the Ouroboros or Endless knot).

(11)). The short term exposure limit for airborne benzene is 5 ppm for 15 minutes. Sigma-Aldrich offers a number of Benzene products. sorption of organic contaminants BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o -,m p-xylene) in aqueous solutions was also studied using organo-modified minerals (Sharmasarkar et al. Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. It found that four contained benzene levels above World Health Organization limits. In the bone marrow, MPO converts these polyphenols to benzoquinones. by alhassand313, (The corresponding statement to each P-code can be found at the GHS Classification page.) Smaller amounts of benzene are used to make some types of rubbers, lubricants, dyes, detergents, drugs, explosives, and pesticides. The maximum contaminant level goal (MCLG), a nonenforceable health goal that would allow an adequate margin of safety for the prevention of adverse effects, is zero benzene concentration in drinking water. As the carbon atoms in the benzene ring collided with each other, each carbon atom would collide twice with one neighbor during a given interval and then twice with its other neighbor during the next interval. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2004.07.030, Alejandro, S., Valdés, H., Manero, M.H., Zaror, C.A.

: Copper removal by algae Gelidium, agar extraction algal waste and granulated algal waste: kinetics and equilibrium. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.03.018, Gustafson, K.E., Dickhut, R.M. Elsevier, Amsterdam (2010). The maximum uptake capacity of MN-202, given by the Langmuir fitting parameter, for benzene, toluene and o-xylene was 0.8 ± 0.1, 0.70 ± 0.08 and 0.63 ± 0.06 mmol/g at 26 °C. Studies have shown that genotype at these loci may influence susceptibility to the toxic effects of benzene exposure. The new understanding of benzene, and hence of all aromatic compounds, proved to be so important for both pure and applied chemistry that in 1890 the German Chemical Society organized an elaborate appreciation in Kekulé's honor, celebrating the twenty-fifth anniversary of his first benzene paper. Trimerization of acetylene gives benzene. : Kinetics and equilibrium modelling of lead uptake by algae Gelidium and algal waste from agar extraction industry. Important examples include the sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, respectively, Cr(C6H6)2 and [RuCl2(C6H6)]2. It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually. Accessed 03 June 2013, Redding, A.Z., Burns, S.E., Upson, R.T., Anderson, E.F.: Organoclay sorption of benzene as a function of total organic carbon content. (1867) "Theoretische Betrachtungen und deren Anwendungen zur Systematik der organischen Chemie" (Theoretical considerations and their applications to the classification scheme of organic chemistry). 188(2), 130–136 (2009).

[91], Inhaled benzene is primarily expelled unchanged through exhalation. In 1903, Ludwig Roselius popularized the use of benzene to decaffeinate coffee. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2009.05.015, Jaynes, W.E., Vance, G.E. 32(5), 763–770 (2009). Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. Langmuir 12(18), 4404–4410 (1996), Montes-Morán, M.A., Suárez, D., Angel Menéndez, J., Fuente, E.: The basicity of carbons.

: Molecular diffusivity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solution. 423–455. Benzene has been shown to cause cancer in both sexes of multiple species of laboratory animals exposed via various routes. Claus, Adolph K.L. The current ACGIH biological exposure limits for occupational exposure are 500 μg/g creatinine for muconic acid and 25 μg/g creatinine for phenylmercapturic acid in an end-of-shift urine specimen.[80][81][82][83]. In heterocycles, carbon atoms in the benzene ring are replaced with other elements. 70(1–2), 21–37 (1999). : BTEX removal from aqueous solutions by HDTMA-modified Y zeolite. Res. Apr. As it contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon. In nitration, benzene reacts with nitronium ions (NO2+), which is a strong electrophile produced by combining sulfuric and nitric acids. The BTX adsorption capacity increased in the following order: Claytone-40 < CD 500 < MN-202. 219(1–4), 443–457 (2011). Part of Springer Nature. The most widely practiced example of this reaction is the ethylation of benzene. Mater. 6(4), 415–422 (2012), Daifullah, A.A.M., Girgis, B.S. J. Hydrol. Carbon 38(13), 1807–1819 (2000). The measurement of benzene in humans can be accomplished via urine, blood, and breath tests; however, all of these have their limitations because benzene is rapidly metabolized in the human body. Environ. In the body, benzene is enzymatically converted to a series of oxidation products including muconic acid, phenylmercapturic acid, phenol, catechol, hydroquinone and 1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene. J. The affected batches were removed from sale. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 191, 341–348 (2012). [46] The C–C bond lengths are greater than a double bond (135 pm) but shorter than a single bond (147 pm). J. Environ. CYP2E1 is involved at multiple steps: converting benzene to oxepin (benzene oxide), phenol to hydroquinone, and hydroquinone to both benzenetriol and catechol. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has set a maximum contaminant level (MCL) for benzene in drinking water at 0.005 mg/L (5 ppb), as promulgated via the U.S. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Ind.

: Evaluation of activated carbon for remediating benzene contamination: adsorption and oxidative regeneration. Colloids Surf. "Zur Kenntnis der ungesättigen Verbindungen,", "Crocker, Not Armit and Robinson, Begat the Six Aromatic Electrons", "Sur la constitution des substances aromatiques", "Untersuchungen über aromatische Verbindungen (Investigations of aromatic compounds)", "The Structure of the Benzene Ring in Hexamethylbenzene", "An X-Ray Analysis of the Structure of Hexachlorobenzene, Using the Fourier Method", "Faits pour servir à la détermination du lieu chimique dans la série aromatique", "Untersuchungen über die Constitution der zweifach-substituirten Benzole", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING' (U+232C)", "Unicode Character 'BENZENE RING WITH CIRCLE' (U+23E3)", "Heterocyclic Chemistry: Heterocyclic Compounds", "Market Study: Benzene (2nd edition), Ceresana, August 2014", "Market Study: Toluene, Ceresana, January 2015", "Control of Hazardous Air Pollutants From Mobile Sources", "Traffic-related air pollution and the onset of myocardial infarction: disclosing benzene as a trigger? doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.08.002, Jr, W.J.W., Vliet, B.M.V. Replacing one CH with N gives the compound pyridine, C5H5N. Benzene: Patient information sheet, Drinking Water Contaminants|Organic Chemicals|Benzene, Benzene Toxicity: Standards and Regulations|ATSDR – Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education – CSEM, Documentation for Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Introduction, "Blood concentrations of volatile organic compounds in a nonoccupationally exposed US population and in groups with suspected exposure", "100 tonnes of pollutants spilled into Chinese river", "A Former Nazi Labor Camp in Austria, Now Billed as a Tourist Site", Dept.

[42] In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Gräbe's nomenclature to benzene.[43]. doi:10.1016/j.jcis.2005.06.032, Wibowo, N., Setyadhi, L., Wibowo, D., Setiawan, J., Ismadji, S.: Adsorption of benzene and toluene from aqueous solutions onto activated carbon and its acid and heat treated forms: influence of surface chemistry on adsorption.


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