The numbers were bound in three equally sized volumes covering A–B, C–L, and M–Z; an estimated 3,000 sets were eventually sold, priced at 12 pounds sterling apiece. In 1890, James Clarke published the Americanized Encyclopædia Britannica, Revised and Amended which was only 10 volumes, as was the 1895 Belford-Clark issue by the same name (Chicago). In the fourth era (1974–94), the Britannica introduced its 15th edition, which was re-organized into three parts: the Micropædia, the Macropædia, and the Propædia. Archibald Constable estimated in 1812 that there had been 3,500 copies printed, but revised his estimate to 3,000 in 1821. The supplement was completed in April 1824, consisting of 6 volumes with 4933 pages, 125 plates, 9 maps, 3 "dissertations" and 160 biographies, mainly of people who had died within the preceding 30 years. [6][113] Summing up, one critic called the initial 15th edition a "qualified failure...[that] cares more for juggling its format than for preserving. Powell also introduced the Library Research Service (1936), in which owners of the Britannica could write to have their personal questions researched and answered by the editorial staff. [92] The Britannica contains 100,000 articles and Merriam-Webster's Dictionary and Thesaurus (US only), and offers Primary and Secondary School editions. (That is, they are alphabetized as if their titles were "Charles, France, 3" and "Charles, Great Britain and Ireland, 1".) Unlike the 15th edition, it did not contain Macro- and Micropedia sections, but ran A through Z as all editions up to the 14th had. As of 2016[update], a replica of Britannica's 1768 first edition is sold on the online store.[20]. Conversely, the 53-page "Metallurgy" of the 3rd was removed, and replaced by the note "see Gilding, Parting, Purifying, Refining, Smithery." [citation needed] Although the crass marketing was criticized as inappropriate to the Britannica's history and scholarship, the unprecedented profits delighted the manager of The Times, Charles Frederic Moberly Bell,[10] who assessed Hooper as "a ranker who loved to be accepted as a gentleman. [5][6][8] The 3rd and the 9th editions were pirated for sale in the United States,[102] beginning with Dobson's Encyclopaedia. It contained 30 volumes and 18,251 pages, with 8,500 photographs, maps, flags, and illustrations in smaller "compact" volumes. We recommend you to try Safari. After "Science" is a new 24-page article "Amusements In Science", which is a virtual Mr. Wizard for the opening of the 19th century. [8][25] The 14th edition also drew criticism for deleting information unflattering to the Roman Catholic Church. Britannica decided to charge $995 for just the CD-ROM, while bundling a free disc with the print version, hoping that including the CD-ROM would persuade buyers to stay with the brand. [72] In 2001, Yannias was replaced by Ilan Yeshua, who reunited the leadership of the two companies. [30] However, the 11th edition did employ hundreds of women to write unsigned articles; some women, such as Irish medical expert Harriet Hennessy, even rose to be (uncredited) department editors.[30]. The present owner of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. is Jacqui Safra, a Brazilian billionaire and actor. Some of the plates have very minor revisions, but they are all basically Bell's work from the 4th or earlier editions, and these new names were probably added for business reasons involving copyright royalties. It was a new work, not a revision of earlier editions, although some articles from earlier editions and supplements are used. The 14th and 15th editions were edited every year throughout their runs, so that later printings of each were entirely different from early ones. In March 2012, the company announced that the 2010 edition would be the last printed version. Learn a new word every day. Unfortunately, this device does not support voice recording, Click the record button again to finish recording. Recording. [123] In this era, the Britannica moved from being a three-volume set (1st edition) compiled by one young editor—William Smellie[124]—to a 20-volume set written by numerous authorities. In being a living proof that pure patriotism is not a delusion, or virtue an empty name, no one of the sons of man has equalled George Washington. Hooper and his energetic advertising manager, Henry Haxton, introduced many innovative sales methods: full-page advertisements in The Times, testimonials from celebrities, buying on installment plans, and a long series of so-called 'final offers'. Sales figures for the 11th edition were comparable to those of the 9th, which sold hundreds of thousands of copies including the unlicensed sets. Past owners have included, in chronological order, the Edinburgh, Scotland printers Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell, Scottish bookseller Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher A & C Black, Horace Everett Hooper, Sears Roebuck and William Benton. The Hubbard Brothers of Philadelphia produced a 5-volume American supplement between 1882 and 1889, in quality leather bindings designed to match the authorized volumes in appearance. Throughout history, the Britannica has had two aims: to be an excellent reference book, and to provide educational material. [10] The bulk of the Britannica is devoted to geography (26% of the Macropædia), biography (14%), biology and medicine (11%), literature (7%), physics and astronomy (6%), religion (5%), art (4%), Western philosophy (4%), and law (3%). [citation needed] In addition, D. Appleton & Company claimed that the 4 volume supplement[clarification needed] used material from Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. Not long after, Black bought out his partners and ownership of the Britannica passed to the Edinburgh publishing firm of A & C Black.[8]. [33], Since the 3rd edition, the Britannica has enjoyed a popular and critical reputation for general excellence. Despite the policy of continuous revision, the 14th edition of the Britannica gradually became outdated. The advertising was clearly targeted at middle and lower-middle-class people seeking to improve themselves. All in all, the fourth, fifth, and sixth editions are virtually the same as each other. or post as a guest. "[30], The 1903 advertising campaign for the tenth edition was an onslaught of direct marketing: hand-written letters, telegrams, limited-time offers, etc.. [6][113] In response, the 15th edition was completely re-organized and indexed for a re-release in 1985. The Britannica has an editorial board of advisors, which includes 12 distinguished scholars:[66][67] non-fiction author Nicholas Carr, religion scholar Wendy Doniger, political economist Benjamin M. Friedman, Council on Foreign Relations President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb, computer scientist David Gelernter, Physics Nobel laureate Murray Gell-Mann, Carnegie Corporation of New York President Vartan Gregorian, philosopher Thomas Nagel, cognitive scientist Donald Norman, musicologist Don Michael Randel, Stewart Sutherland, Baron Sutherland of Houndwood, President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and cultural anthropologist Michael Wesch.
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